English Grammar | Parts of Speech (Adverb -ভাব বিশেষণ)

Adverb - (ভাব বিশেষণ)

Parts of speech | Adverb

Definition: Adverb এর কাজ হচ্ছে কোন Verb, Adjective বা Adverb সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য দেওয়া বা প্রদত্ত তথ্যকে আরো তাৎপর্যতাপূর্ণ করে তোলা।

An adverb is a word which modifies or qualifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb or any other word(s) or phrase(s) in a sentence; such as quickly, firmly, lightly, carefully, extremely, etc.

Example:- The leopard runs quickly. ( Here quickly modifies the verb)

- He works extremely hard. (Here extremely modifies the adverb)

- Most of our countrymen are very poor. (Here very modifies the adjective)

- I absolutely have no idea about the matter.

Identify of Adverb - Adverb চিনার উপায়ঃ

সাধারণত Word এর শেষে ly থাকে তবে আমরা Adverb হিসেবে ধরি।

যেমন- Kindly (সদয়ভাবে), Nicely (সন্দরভাবে), Cordially (আন্তরিকভাবে), Clearly (পরিষ্কারভাবে)।

* Where (কোথায়)ঃ  Here (এখানে), There (সেখানে), Inside (ভিতরে), Outside (বাহিরে), Around (চারিদিকে)।

* When (কখন) ঃ Now (এখন), Then (পরে), Today (আজ), Last (শেষে), 

* How (কিভাবে)ঃ Slowly (ধীরে ধীরে), Carefully (সাবধানে), Hard (খব জোরে), Suddenly (হঠাৎ)।

Note:- অনেক সময় আমরা কোনটি Adjective ও কোনটি Adverb চিনতে পারি না?

মনে রাখতে হবে Adjective এর আগে Article ব্যবহার হয়। আর Adverb এর আগে Article ব্যবহার

হয় না।

যেমন- This is a hard pencil -এটি একটি শক্ত পেন্সিল । (Adjective)

 He works hard. - সে কঠিন কাজ করে। (Adverb)

        

* Position of Adverb in a sentence. - বাক্যের মধ্যে Adverb এর অবস্থান ।

i) Subject এর আগে: Once, once upon a time, long long ago, many days ago ইত্যাদি Adverb গুলো সাধারণত Subject এর আগে বসে।

Once there was an old man - একদা এক বদ্ধ লোক ছিল

Once upon a time there was a farmer.  (একদা এক কষক ছিল) ।

Long long ago he came here. - অনেক অনেক আগে সে এখানে এসেছিল।

ii) Subject এর পরে Always, often, never, rarely, recently ইত্যাদি Adverb গুলো সাধারণত

Subject এর পরে বসে।

He always disturbs me- সে সর্বদা আমাকে বিরক্ত করে।

I never go to cinema - আমি কখনো সিনেমায় যাইনা।

iii) Auxiliary verb ও Principal verb এর মাঝখানে বসতে পারে।

She will never love me.- সে কখনো আমাকে ভালবাসবে না।

I have recently gone to Dhaka. - আমি সম্প্রতি  ঢাকা গিয়াছি ।

iv) যে কোন Adverb ই verb এর পরে বসে

The girl talks politely. - মেয়েটি ভদ্রভাবে কথা বলে ।

The car is moving quickly.- গাড়ীটি দ্রুত চলিতেছে।

Function of adverb in a sentence:

Adverb adds information and impression about time, manner, place etc. in a sentence.

Form of Adverbs:

Many adverbs that express how an action is performed, end in ‘ly’. However, there are many exceptions, like fast, well, never, least, more, far, now, very, just, still, etc.

Kinds of Adverbs:

There are different kinds of adverbs according to their functions in a sentence.

Adverb of Time:

যে adverb কোনকিছু কখন/কোন সময়ে ঘটেছে তা বর্ণনা/উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of time বলে । এটা sentence এর শুরুতে অথবা শেষে ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

Indicates the time of an action, and answer the question ‘when’?

Such as now, soon, still, then, today, yet, since, back, ago, already, before, after, recently, today, lately, tomorrow, once, someday, early, etc.

Example:- I have already finished my job.

- I will do it now.

- The result will be published tomorrow.

Adverb of Manner:

যে adverb কোনোকিছু কিভাবে হয়/হচ্ছে/হবে তা ব্যখ্যা/উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of manner বলে ।

Expresses the manner of an action, and answer the question ‘How’?

Such as happily, slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, easily, fast, bravely, hard, well, badly, etc.

Example:- Rafat is speaking quietly.

- He is doing the job carefully.

- The boy is crying loudly.

iii. Adverb of Place:

যে adverb কোনকিছু কোথায় ঘটেছে তা উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of place বলে । এটা verb এর পরে, direct object হিসাবে অথবা sentence এর শুরুতে ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

Indicates the place of an action, and answer the question ‘Where’?

Such as here, there, up, down, in, out, by, hither, thither, where, anywhere, somewhere, everywhere, nowhere, etc.

Example:- Go out.

- I love to be here.

- People still live there.

Adverb of Degree or Quantity:

যে adverb কোনোকিছু কি পরিমাণে/কতটুকু ঘটেছে তা বোঝায় তাকে Adverb of degree বলে ।

Expresses quantity, and answer the question ‘How much/ How far/ to what extent’?

Such as extremely, fully, quite, almost, very much, too, a lot, totally, absolutely, fairly, hardly, etc.

Example:- He is quite wrong.

- She is fully cured.

- He is bad enough to kill you.

Adverb of Frequency:

যে adverb কোনকিছু কতবার বা কত সময় পরপর হয় তা বোঝায় তাকে Adverb of frequency বলে ।

Expresses the frequency of an action and answer the question “How often”?

Such as never, ever, always, often, seldom, everyday, sometimes, usually, normally, frequently, rarely, hardly, scarcely, once a week, etc.

Example:- He always helps the poor.

- The barking dog seldom bites.

Affirmative or Negative Adverb: এটা কোনকিছু সত্য কি মিথ্যা তা বলে অথবা কোনোকিছুর উপর গুরুত্ব আরোপ করে।

It tells whether a thing is true or false or it emphasizes a matter. Truly, especially, never, etc. are examples of affirmative or negative adverbs.

Examples:

Truly, I want her to be here.

She especially mentioned her name.

Never tell a lie.

Adverb of reason:

Expresses the reason and make the conclusion.

Such as hence, therefore, thence etc.

Example:- He therefore resigned the job.

Conjunctive Adverb:

Conjunctive adverb is used to join two clauses together.

Such as also, finally, furthermore, consequently, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, nevertheless, meanwhile, next, nonetheless, otherwise, then, still, thus, and therefore.

N.B: Conjunctive Adverb joins two independent clauses with a semi-colon.

Example:- The people waited for an hour; finally the train comes to the station.

- The policemen searched the market; indeed the gunman has escaped through the basement door.